Французькі штики клинкового типу ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у зібранні Полтавського краєзнавчого музею імені Василя Кричевського
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Центр пам’яткознавства НАН України і УТОПІК
Анотація
Стаття присвячена вивченню колекції французьких клинкових штиків ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у Полтавському краєзнавчому
музеї імені Василя Кричевського. Розглянуті питання появи штиків як виду холодної зброї, їх еволюції у європейських країнах. Розвиток вогнепальної зброї у ХІХ ст. призвів до домінування штиків клинкового типу. Одним із лідерів виробництва такої зброї
тривалий час була Франція, де діяли збройові підприємства у містах Сент-Етьєні, Тюлі, Шательро, Мюціг та Шарлевіль. У музеї представлена цікава колекція клинкових штиків французького виробництва: ятаганного типу зразка 1842 р., зразка 1866 р.
до гвинтівки системи Шасспо (Chassepot), зразка 1874 р. до гвинтівки системи Гра (Gras), до гвинтівки системи Лебеля зразка
1886/1893/1916 рр. За результатами дослідження збірки цього
виду короткоклинкової зброї планується створення каталогу та
введення багнетів до експозиційного простору.
The article is dedicated to study the collection of French sword bayonets of the 19th – early 20th century in the Vasyl Krychevsky Poltava Local Lore Museum. Questions of appearing bayonets as a kind of cold weapon in the 16th c., their evolution in European countries are observed. Appearing of such weapon kind was caused by need of using convenient blade fixed at rifle, which replaced hunting pole during biggame hunting. Using bayonets as military weapon started in the first half of the 17th c., when most of European armies were formed and equipped with fire weapon. Evolution of bayonets moved to refining both blade shape and way of fixing to the rifle. French, English and German weapon-makers were leaders in this field. Development of fire weapon in the 19th c. caused sword bayonets prevailing. One of such weapon producing leaders was France, where weapon-making enterprises worked in Saint Etienne, Tulle, Châtellerault, Mutzig, Charleville. Traditions of using bayonets by French infantry were closely connected with new fighting tactics, popularized by Napoleon Buonaparte in the early 19th c. In 1840s in France new vision to bayonet construction improvement became widespread. Changes began with yataghan type bayonets introduction. Some researches calls yataghan type bayonets “janissar motives” in European weapon, because they repeat Turkish yataghan elements such as blade shape. Museum is proud for its interesting collection of sword bayonets of French production of yataghan type to the Chassepot Models 1842, 1866 Rifle, the Gras Model 1874 Rifle, the Lebel Model 1886/1893/1916 Rifle. According to the result of the research of this kind of short-blade weapon making of catalogue and introducing bayonets to exposition space are planned.
The article is dedicated to study the collection of French sword bayonets of the 19th – early 20th century in the Vasyl Krychevsky Poltava Local Lore Museum. Questions of appearing bayonets as a kind of cold weapon in the 16th c., their evolution in European countries are observed. Appearing of such weapon kind was caused by need of using convenient blade fixed at rifle, which replaced hunting pole during biggame hunting. Using bayonets as military weapon started in the first half of the 17th c., when most of European armies were formed and equipped with fire weapon. Evolution of bayonets moved to refining both blade shape and way of fixing to the rifle. French, English and German weapon-makers were leaders in this field. Development of fire weapon in the 19th c. caused sword bayonets prevailing. One of such weapon producing leaders was France, where weapon-making enterprises worked in Saint Etienne, Tulle, Châtellerault, Mutzig, Charleville. Traditions of using bayonets by French infantry were closely connected with new fighting tactics, popularized by Napoleon Buonaparte in the early 19th c. In 1840s in France new vision to bayonet construction improvement became widespread. Changes began with yataghan type bayonets introduction. Some researches calls yataghan type bayonets “janissar motives” in European weapon, because they repeat Turkish yataghan elements such as blade shape. Museum is proud for its interesting collection of sword bayonets of French production of yataghan type to the Chassepot Models 1842, 1866 Rifle, the Gras Model 1874 Rifle, the Lebel Model 1886/1893/1916 Rifle. According to the result of the research of this kind of short-blade weapon making of catalogue and introducing bayonets to exposition space are planned.
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Цитування
Французькі штики клинкового типу ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у зібранні Полтавського краєзнавчого музею імені Василя Кричевського / Т.К. Кондратенко, Н.Г. Кондратенко // Сіверщина в історії України: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: Глухів, 2021. — Вип. 14. — С. 361-366. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — укр.