Three Examples in the Dynamical Systems Theory

Abstract

We present three explicit curious simple examples in the theory of dynamical systems. The first one is an example of two analytic diffeomorphisms 𝑅, 𝑆 of a closed two-dimensional annulus that possess the intersection property, but their composition 𝑅𝑆 does not (𝑅 being just the rotation by π/2). The second example is that of a non-Lagrangian 𝑛-torus 𝐿₀ in the cotangent bundle 𝛵*𝕋ⁿ of 𝕋ⁿ (𝑛 ≥ 2) such that 𝐿₀ intersects neither its images under almost all the rotations of 𝛵*𝕋ⁿ nor the zero section of 𝛵*𝕋ⁿ. The third example is that of two one-parameter families of analytic reversible autonomous ordinary differential equations of the form ẋ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), ẏ = 𝜇𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) in the closed upper half-plane {𝑦 ≥ 0} such that for each family, the corresponding phase portraits for 0 < 𝜇 < 1 and for 𝜇 > 1 are topologically non-equivalent. The first two examples are expounded within the general context of symplectic topology.