Extrinsic Geometry and Linear Differential Equations

Abstract

We give a unified method for the general equivalence problem of extrinsic geometry, based on our formulation of a general extrinsic geometry as that of an osculating map 𝜑: (𝑀, f) → 𝐿/𝐿⁰ ⊂ Flag(𝑉, 𝜙) from a filtered manifold (𝑀, f) to a homogeneous space 𝐿/𝐿⁰ in a flag variety Flag(𝑉, 𝜙), where L is a finite-dimensional Lie group and 𝐿⁰ its closed subgroup. We establish an algorithm to obtain complete systems of invariants for the osculating maps that satisfy a reasonable regularity condition, namely, a constant symbol of type (𝖌₋, gr 𝑉, 𝐿). We show the categorical isomorphism between the extrinsic geometries in flag varieties and the (weighted) involutive systems of linear differential equations of finite type. Therefore, we also obtain a complete system of invariants for a general involutive system of linear differential equations of finite type and of constant symbol. The invariants of an osculating map (or an involutive system of linear differential equations) are proved to be controlled by the cohomology group 𝐻¹₊(𝖌₋, 𝔩/𝖌¯) which is defined algebraically from the symbol of the osculating map (resp. involutive system), and which, in many cases (in particular, if the symbol is associated with a simple Lie algebra and its irreducible representation), can be computed by the algebraic harmonic theory, and the vanishing of which gives rigidity theorems in various concrete geometries. We also extend the theory to the case when 𝐿 is infinite-dimensional.