Археологічні дослідження на території Північного бастіону Старого замку (Пільна брама) в Кам’янці-Подільському в 2019 році

Abstract

У статті опубліковано результати археологічних досліджень, проведених внаслідок обвалу частини стіни Північного бастіону Старого замку в районі колишньої Пільної брами в м. Кам’янець-Подільський. Увагу зосереджено на описі стратиграфічної ситуації, конструктивних особливостей виявлених фортифікаційних об’єктів (укріплення чорноліської культури, залишки Пільної брами та підземної бойової галереї), археологічного матеріалу, представленого знахідками західнотрипільської і чорноліської культур, доби середньовіччя — раннього модерного часу XIII—XVII ст.

The paper presents the results of archeological research inspired by the collapse of part of a wall at the Northern Bastion of the Old Castle in the area of the former Pilna Gate in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi region. This paper contains the description of the recorded stratigraphic situation, design features of the discovered fortifications (fortification of the Chornoliska culture, the remains of the Pilna Gate and the underground battle gallery), archaeological material presented by the findings of the Western Trypillia and Chornoliska cultures, Middle Ages — early Modern time of the 13th—18th centuries. As a result of archeological observations of anti-accident works at the site of the collapsed wall in the north-western corner of the North Bastion, a number of important archeological sites were discovered, and various archeological material was recorded. This makes possible the following conclusions: 1. Active use of the territory started during the Eneolithic period. A layer of the Western Trypillia culture, stage BI, was found above the virgin rock. Several overplaced fragments of ceramics of the CII stage were also found. 2. Lowering of the Eneolithic horizon in the western direction and the discovery of a stone backfill above it (rubble) put the question of the existence of the first fortification on this territory during the Late Trypillia stage CII. 3. Above the horizon of the Western Trypillia culture the construction of a moat, a rampart and a picket fence of the Chornoliska culture of the 9th—8th centuries BC was discovered. 4. Fortification structures of the 9th—8th centuries BC were covered with a layer of broken rock. This layer was formed during the reconstruction of the castle which was accompanied by deepening of the moat and raising of the rampart. These works are dated to the 14th — first half of the 16th century. 5. In the middle of the 16th century The Pilna Gate and the underground battle gallery were built. The construction of the underground gallery preserved ancient horizons which we traced below the level of its occurrence. 6. In the beginning of the 18th century on the west side a wall was built, the base of which was let into the ancient moat. A similar situation with a stepped configuration of the base of the wall was previously recorded during archaeological work on the Ruska Gate.