Житлова споруда першої половини XVII ст. у Любечі

Abstract

Стаття присвячена житловій споруді першої половини XVII ст., яка загинула у пожежі. Судячи з розмірів споруди та археологічного матеріалу, вилученого з неї, вона належала заможній любецькій родині цього часу.

The antiquities of Lyubech of 17th—18th centuries have been known to the scientific community since the B. O. Rybakov’s excavation of the hillfort Zamkova Hora during 1957—1960. Here the powerful cultural layer and remains of buildings, including defensive ones has been recorded. Next time the dwellings and household buildings of this period were recorded by the works of A. L. Kazakov in Lyubech suburb (posad) in 1989—1990. At the beginning of the current century the archaeological expedition of the Taras Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Collegium”, headed by the author, explored significant areas of the ancient Lyubech in three places — hillforts Zamkova Hora and Monastirishche, as well as the suburb (posad) of Lyubech near stone building (Kamianitsa) of hetman Poubotok. Just at its territory where 372 m2 have been excavated the residential and commercial buildings of the 17th—18th centuries were discovered. In 2013 and 2016 the remains of rich residential building destroyed in a fire in the middle of the 17th century have been discovered. It is located 13 m north of the north-west corner of the Kamianitsa. The structure was built on the basement. The interior details of the ground floor have preserved in the upper burnt layers of the consruction pit. To the left of the entrance, in the eastern corner, the remains of destroyed furnace were discovered, and to the right of the entrance, near the wall, a large stone (0.55 × 0.25 × 0.36 m) was found. Fragments of kitchen and tableware dating to the first half — mid-seventeenth century were found in the filling of the building. Part of the tableware is decorated with green, yellow, light brown and brown glaze. In addition to the pottery there were also found parts of knives with bone grips, steel, spring and hinged scissors, a fragment of a pipe, fishing sinkers and horseshoes. Among the unique finds the seal cast made from copper alloy should be noted. In the burnt layer of the building and below it the items dated back to the 10th—12th centuries such as the bridle pendant (reshma), fragment of encolpion, bracelet, pin, fragment of a lunula which are made of copper alloy have been occurred, as well as the gold-glass bead, fragment of a glass bracelet, fragments of pyrophillit spindle wheel and plate. Probably during household works the residents of Lyubech of the 17th century accidentally found the old items, collected and stored them. Thus, the discovered residential building belonged to the wealthy resident of Lyubech and was destroyed in fire in the middle of 17th century.