Производство ствольного железа на казенных горных заводах Урала в середине XIX в.

Abstract

Рассмотрено производство ствольного железа на казенных горных заводах Урала в 1830-х – 1850-х гг. Показано, как низкое качество ствольного железа повлияло на степень готовности русской армии к Крымской войне и на развитие железоделательного производства на Урале.

Розглянуто виробництво ствольного заліза на казенних гірничих заводах Уралу в 1830-х – 1850-х рр. Висвітлено, як низька якість ствольного заліза вплинула на рівень готовності російської армії до Кримської війни і на розвиток металургійного виробництва на Уралі.

In the first half of the XIX century in the military industry of Russia there is a system of relations in which the state-owned mountains factories were obligated to produce the metal for the army and the Navy, and military plants were obligated to accept this metal for weapons of subjects. Due to the monopoly position of state-owned mountains factories supplied the iron for the musket barrel low quality. In the 1830s the problem with the quality of the barrel iron aggravated, because in Europe have started modernization of armies the fast charge rifles which shot in 3-4 times further that muskets. At the end of the 1830s and 1840s was mastered several production technologies iron. In the 1850s, was built Nykolayivsk small-arms factory. However, the quality of the barrel’s iron remained low. As a result, by the beginning of the Crimean war of 1853-1856 years in the British army every second soldier was equipped the rifled musket, in the French army – every third, and in the Russian army – only one out of 20. In late 1850-s production the barrel’s iron was mastered at the Izhevsk plant. From 1862 the demand for the barrel iron was reduced, because the Tula and Sestroretsky plants the part of the barrels started manufacturing of the steel of German manufacturer Berger. On the agenda was the problem of organization of production the barrels of the steel. This problem was solved in the 1880s when the Izhevsk factory started production of barrel steel. Solution to problem of the barrel iron by abolishing the mandatory relations between the state-owned mountains factories and the small-arms factories has become the precedent, after which Military and Marine Ministry demanded the complete elimination the monopoly of the state-owned mountains factories for the supply of metal, ammunition and artillery of the army and Navy. In 1868, the government went to meet them. Since that time, the state-owned mountain plants were deprived of almost all privileges that were used in the military industry.