Кольорова металообробка і кочова культура Північного Причорномор’я кіммерійського часу

Abstract

У статті зроблено спробу прослідкувати розвиток традицій кольорової металообробки у Північному Причорномор’ї в ранньому залізному віці і співвіднести їх із змінами етнічного складу в регіоні. В IX ст. до н. е. в степовій смузі з’явились перші кочовики, які користувались металевими вудилами із стременоподібними кінцями. В VIII ст. до н. е. приходить нова хвиля кочовиків, у яких в оздобленні коней були двокільчасті вудила. Разом з появою саме цих кочовиків відбуваються суттєві зміни у житті місцевого населення.

The article attempts to trace the development of non-ferrous metalworking traditions in the Northern Black Sea region in the early Iron Age and to correlate them with changes in the ethnic composition of the region. In the IX century BC. The first nomads appeared in the steppe zone, who used metal rods with stirruplike ends. In the VIII century BC. BC comes a new wave of nomads, who in the decoration of horses were two-ringed rods. Along with the emergence of these nomads there are significant changes in the lives of the local population. First of all, the agricultural tribes of the Belozersky culture disappeared in the steppe, the forest-steppe farmers of the Chornolisky culture began to fortify their settlements on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe strip and partially migrated to the left bank of the Dnieper. Burials of horsemen-horsemen, accompanied by two-ringed fishing rods, also appear in the forest-steppe. At the same time, there are changes in the traditions of non-ferrous metals. If at the end of the Bronze Age the North Black Sea foundries used metal from Carpathian and Balkan sources, then with the advent of nomads first appeared metal from Ural and Siberian deposits, which corresponds to the Montenegrin stage, and then metal from the North Caucasus, which corresponds to the Novocherkassk stage.Drawing analogies with the antiquities from the Arzhan mound in the Altai, we can conclude that at the Montenegrin stage in the Northern Black Sea coast appeared the first early Scythian tribes, natives of Siberia and Altai, who displaced Belozertsy, and at the Novocherkassk stage there were nomads who can to be considered the historical Cimmerians mentioned in ancient Greek and Asia Minor sources, and from whom the blacks and the Bondarikhins escaped. It was the Cimmerians of the Novocherkassk stage who fought the Urartian king Rus I in the Caucasus, and then supported the Median rebels against Assyria in 663 BC.