Імперська політика Катерини ІІ щодо Української Церкви (друга половина XVIII ст.) в українській діаспорній історіографії
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Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства ім. М.С. Грушевського НАН України
Анотація
Мета статті – дослідити історичні погляди вчених української діаспори щодо політики Катерини ІІ стосовно Української Церкви, виявити недосліджені питання з історії церковно-політичної діяльності російського уряду другої половини XVIII ст. Наукова новизна: вперше розглянуто означену проблему крізь призму різнотипових історичних, публіцистичних та науково-популярних робіт вчених української діаспори. Методи дослідження – компаративний, історико-генетичний, структурний, біографічний та ін. – використані на основі загальноприйнятих принципів наукового дослідження: цілісності, системності, об’єктивності. Висновки. Українські діаспорні вчені за умов браку історичних та історіографічних джерел, відсутності об’єктивних умов, які сприяли б поступу науки, змогли доповнити історичну думку багатьма працями. У контексті поставленої проблеми – імперської політики Катерини ІІ щодо Української Церкви –спостерігаємо певну поверховість аналізу та висвітлення матеріалу, оскільки в діаспорних вчених були інші вагомі проблеми для аналізу: українські визвольні змагання 1917–1921 рр. та питання збереження української державності ХХ ст. Переважно проблема церковно-політичної діяльності імперського уряду висвітлювалася в загальних працях з історії Церкви та України в цілому. Ці студії мали значну популярність серед інтелігенції не лише за кордоном, а й у самій Україні, використовувались як навчальні посібники та «виховували» нові покоління української наукової еліти, і часто мали науково-публіцистичне спрямування. У цілому, вчені української діаспори, спираючись на праці українських та російських дослідників другої половини XIX – початку ХХ ст., оцінювали політику російського уряду щодо Української Церкви як вкрай негативну. Серед проблем політики уряду Катерини ІІ щодо Церкви на українських землях науковці описували секуляризацію 1786–1788 рр., проблему «ментальної» русифікації українського духовенства та занепад українського друкарства. Найвизначнішим дослідником церковної історії можемо вважати І. Огієнка (митрополита Іларіона), який приділяв значну увагу періоду існування Української Церкви в російському синодальному устрої. Його праці особливо цінні та затребувані і для сучасної історичної науки.
The relevance of the article lies in the importance of analyzing the achievements of diasporian Ukrainian historiography, because scientists abroad were able to preserve, develop and enrich Ukrainian national historical science. In this context, diaspora scholars considered not only the problems of Ukrainian state- building, but also characterize the period of incorporation and unification of Ukrainian socio-cultural life to the empires standards. Accordingly, many researchers covered the history of Ukraine in the 18th century, when the Ukrainian system gradually and steadily merged with the "Great Russian" or "Austrian" system. In our opinion, the ecclesiastical and political activities of Catherine II, which actually led to the blurring of boundaries and differences between the Ukrainian and Russian Churches, require special attention in this regard. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historiographic positions, minds and opinions of scholars of the Ukrainian diaspora regarding the policy of Catherine II in relation to the Ukrainian Church; to compare the achievements of various diaspora scientists, their views on the issues; to characterize the historical and historiographical base on which diasporic historians relied; to analyze in general the degree of development of the specified historical problem in the works of Ukrainian scientists abroad; to identify unexplored lacunae and questions in the context of the church-political activity of the Russian government in the second half of the 18th century. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the historiographical analysis of a previously unexplored problem through the prism of various types of historical, journalistic, and po-pular scientific works by scientists of the Ukrainian diaspora. Methodological basis of the work. During the writing of the article, the following research methods applied to historiographical sources were used: comparative, historical-genetic, structural, biographical, etc. These methods were applied on the basis of generally accepted principles of scientific research: integrity, systematicity, objectivity. At the same time, one should not forget about the pronounced subjectivity of historical works. Conclusions. Ukrainian diasporic historiography became an important milestone in the development of national historiography. Ukrainian scientists, under the conditions of a lack of historical and historiographical sources, the absence of objective conditions that would contribute to the development of science, were able to enrich historical thought with many works. In the context of the problem posed - the imperial policy of Catherine II regarding the Ukrainian Church – we observe a certain superficiality of analysis and coverage, since diaspora scholars had other important problems to analyze – the Ukrainian liberation struggle of 1917–1921 and other issues of preserving Ukrainian statehood in the 20th century. These questions were still alive in the memory of many participants of the events of the beginning of the last century. Mainly among Ukrainian historians abroad, the problem of the ecclesiastical and political activity of the imperial government was highlighted in general works on the history of the Church and Ukraine as a whole. These works enjoyed considerable popularity among the intelligentsia not only abroad, but also in Ukraine itself, were used as teaching aids in educational institutions and "educated" new generations of the Ukrainian scientific elite. In general, scholars of the Ukrainian diaspora, based on the work of Ukrainian and Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, assessed the unification policy of the Russian government towards the Ukrainian Church as extremely negative. It is interesting that the researchers mostly emphasized the historical and journalistic purpose of their works. Among the problems of the policy of the government of Catherine II regarding the Church in Ukrainian lands, scholars mainly described the secularization of 1786-1788, the problem of "mental" Russification of the Ukrainian clergy, and the decline of Ukrainian printing. We can consider that I. Ohienko (Metropolitan Hilarion) to be the most prominent researcher of church history, who paid a lot of attention to the period of existence of the Ukrainian Church in the Russian synodal system. His works remain particularly valuable and in demand even today.
The relevance of the article lies in the importance of analyzing the achievements of diasporian Ukrainian historiography, because scientists abroad were able to preserve, develop and enrich Ukrainian national historical science. In this context, diaspora scholars considered not only the problems of Ukrainian state- building, but also characterize the period of incorporation and unification of Ukrainian socio-cultural life to the empires standards. Accordingly, many researchers covered the history of Ukraine in the 18th century, when the Ukrainian system gradually and steadily merged with the "Great Russian" or "Austrian" system. In our opinion, the ecclesiastical and political activities of Catherine II, which actually led to the blurring of boundaries and differences between the Ukrainian and Russian Churches, require special attention in this regard. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historiographic positions, minds and opinions of scholars of the Ukrainian diaspora regarding the policy of Catherine II in relation to the Ukrainian Church; to compare the achievements of various diaspora scientists, their views on the issues; to characterize the historical and historiographical base on which diasporic historians relied; to analyze in general the degree of development of the specified historical problem in the works of Ukrainian scientists abroad; to identify unexplored lacunae and questions in the context of the church-political activity of the Russian government in the second half of the 18th century. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the historiographical analysis of a previously unexplored problem through the prism of various types of historical, journalistic, and po-pular scientific works by scientists of the Ukrainian diaspora. Methodological basis of the work. During the writing of the article, the following research methods applied to historiographical sources were used: comparative, historical-genetic, structural, biographical, etc. These methods were applied on the basis of generally accepted principles of scientific research: integrity, systematicity, objectivity. At the same time, one should not forget about the pronounced subjectivity of historical works. Conclusions. Ukrainian diasporic historiography became an important milestone in the development of national historiography. Ukrainian scientists, under the conditions of a lack of historical and historiographical sources, the absence of objective conditions that would contribute to the development of science, were able to enrich historical thought with many works. In the context of the problem posed - the imperial policy of Catherine II regarding the Ukrainian Church – we observe a certain superficiality of analysis and coverage, since diaspora scholars had other important problems to analyze – the Ukrainian liberation struggle of 1917–1921 and other issues of preserving Ukrainian statehood in the 20th century. These questions were still alive in the memory of many participants of the events of the beginning of the last century. Mainly among Ukrainian historians abroad, the problem of the ecclesiastical and political activity of the imperial government was highlighted in general works on the history of the Church and Ukraine as a whole. These works enjoyed considerable popularity among the intelligentsia not only abroad, but also in Ukraine itself, were used as teaching aids in educational institutions and "educated" new generations of the Ukrainian scientific elite. In general, scholars of the Ukrainian diaspora, based on the work of Ukrainian and Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, assessed the unification policy of the Russian government towards the Ukrainian Church as extremely negative. It is interesting that the researchers mostly emphasized the historical and journalistic purpose of their works. Among the problems of the policy of the government of Catherine II regarding the Church in Ukrainian lands, scholars mainly described the secularization of 1786-1788, the problem of "mental" Russification of the Ukrainian clergy, and the decline of Ukrainian printing. We can consider that I. Ohienko (Metropolitan Hilarion) to be the most prominent researcher of church history, who paid a lot of attention to the period of existence of the Ukrainian Church in the Russian synodal system. His works remain particularly valuable and in demand even today.
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Імперська політика Катерини ІІ щодо Української Церкви (друга половина XVIII ст.) в українській діаспорній історіографії / В. Чистяков // Сіверянський літопис. — 2024. — № 6. — С. 86-98. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — укр.