Полковий "секвестр" Гетьманщини: зовнішній вигляд і стан споруди на середину XVIII ст.
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Інститут історії України НАН України
Анотація
У статті здійснено спробу дослідити стан приміщень в’язниць на середину XVIII ст. у полкових містах Гетьманщини та Глухові. Гарний стан споруди в’язниці був запорукою покарання злодія. У правничих джерелах зазначено про існування трьох видів місць для утримання в’язнів: «сподняя» і «верхняя» в’язниці та окреме приміщення для арештантів із вироком. Зовнішній вигляд секвестру у вітчизняній історіографії є малодослідженим. У статті автор послуговувався матеріалами, де проілюстровано випадки втеч злодіїв із секвестрів. Окрім них, використано документи полкових канцелярій, в яких просили дозволу у столичних органів влади на проведення ремонтних робіт.
У результаті дослідження з’ясовано, що секвестри полкових міст і Глухова зазвичай складалися з острогу, верхньої (1-2 хати) і нижньої тюрм та караулень. Іноді використовувалися будинки жителів для утримання арештантів. В’язні страждали від погодних умов. Не набагато кращими були умови несення служби в охорони арештантів.
Острог та стіни хат з часом трухлявіли і злочинці отримували можливість втекти. Варто зазначити, що споруда значно швидше ставала непридатною через постійні спроби втечі злочинців. Практика часткового ремонту в’язниць не могла вирішити проблему і за деякий час знову виникала необхідність оновлення установи.
На думку автора, існували три шляхи забезпечення матеріалами будівництва або ремонту тюрем. У першому випадку ресурси брали у мешканців полку на основі розподілу, котрий проводила полкова канцелярія. У другому – використовувалися гроші із казни лише на ті матеріали, яких не було у обивателів полку. Третій варіант проведення ремонтних робіт полягав у тому, що кошти на придбання всіх матеріалів брав на себе Військовий скарб.
The article attempts to investigate a condition of the buildings for the prisoners and guardians in the middle of the XVIII century in the regimental prisons of the Hetmanate and in Hlukhiv. Prison was an important public building in the early modern towns. Good condition of the walls of the jail was a guarantee of successful punishment for the thieves and the prevention of new offenses. In the legal sources (in the Statutes of the Lithuania and in the Laws by Which the Little Russian People Are Judged), there are three types of places where prisoners could be held – the “lower” and “upper” prisons and a separate room for convicted prisoners. The appearance of prisons in domestic historiography is poorly researched and untold. The studies indicate that various types of buildings were used as a prison, such as a hut, a shed. However, sometimes researchers mentioned about the prisons with a binary structure (upper and lower). Typically, in criminal proceedings, the appearance of prisons was not reported. If the court session ended successfully, that is punishment of the thief, then the description of the prison in the document was unnecessary. Therefore, the author used the materials, which illustrated the cases of escapes from the prisons. In addition to them, the researcher used the documents of the regimental offices, in which they requested permission from the capital authorities to carry out repair works. As a result of the study it was found that the prisons of the regimental cities and Hlukhiv in the middle of the XVIII century usually consisted of a prison, an upper (1-2 huts) and a lower jail and a building for security. Sometimes houses of local residents were used to hold the prisoners. Regardless of the location of criminals, prisoners regularly suffered from weather (cold, snow, rain). Not much better were the conditions for service in the guardians of the prisoners. Natural factors constantly destroyed wooden structures, even in the absence of fires. The fence around the prison and its walls over time was rubbed and criminals were given the opportunity to escape. It is worth noting that the construction became much more unusable due to constant attempts to escape criminals. The practice of partial repair of prisons could not solve the problem and for some time again there was a need to upgrade the institution. According to the author, there were three ways of providing materials for the construction or repair of prisons. In the first case, resources were taken from the residents of the regiment on the basis of distribution, which was conducted by the regimental office with the consent of the capital authorities. In the second - the money from the treasury was used only for those materials that were not in the inhabitants of the regiment. The third option for carrying out repair works was that the state treasury assumed the funds for the purchase of all materials.
The article attempts to investigate a condition of the buildings for the prisoners and guardians in the middle of the XVIII century in the regimental prisons of the Hetmanate and in Hlukhiv. Prison was an important public building in the early modern towns. Good condition of the walls of the jail was a guarantee of successful punishment for the thieves and the prevention of new offenses. In the legal sources (in the Statutes of the Lithuania and in the Laws by Which the Little Russian People Are Judged), there are three types of places where prisoners could be held – the “lower” and “upper” prisons and a separate room for convicted prisoners. The appearance of prisons in domestic historiography is poorly researched and untold. The studies indicate that various types of buildings were used as a prison, such as a hut, a shed. However, sometimes researchers mentioned about the prisons with a binary structure (upper and lower). Typically, in criminal proceedings, the appearance of prisons was not reported. If the court session ended successfully, that is punishment of the thief, then the description of the prison in the document was unnecessary. Therefore, the author used the materials, which illustrated the cases of escapes from the prisons. In addition to them, the researcher used the documents of the regimental offices, in which they requested permission from the capital authorities to carry out repair works. As a result of the study it was found that the prisons of the regimental cities and Hlukhiv in the middle of the XVIII century usually consisted of a prison, an upper (1-2 huts) and a lower jail and a building for security. Sometimes houses of local residents were used to hold the prisoners. Regardless of the location of criminals, prisoners regularly suffered from weather (cold, snow, rain). Not much better were the conditions for service in the guardians of the prisoners. Natural factors constantly destroyed wooden structures, even in the absence of fires. The fence around the prison and its walls over time was rubbed and criminals were given the opportunity to escape. It is worth noting that the construction became much more unusable due to constant attempts to escape criminals. The practice of partial repair of prisons could not solve the problem and for some time again there was a need to upgrade the institution. According to the author, there were three ways of providing materials for the construction or repair of prisons. In the first case, resources were taken from the residents of the regiment on the basis of distribution, which was conducted by the regimental office with the consent of the capital authorities. In the second - the money from the treasury was used only for those materials that were not in the inhabitants of the regiment. The third option for carrying out repair works was that the state treasury assumed the funds for the purchase of all materials.
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Полковий секвестр Гетьманщини: зовнішній вигляд і стан споруди на середину XVIII ст. / А. Сапронов // Місто: історія, культура, суспільство. — 2018. — № 5(1). — С. 31-45. — Бібліогр.: 41 назв. — укр.